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Kutsika kwamitengo ya chip, ndani akusangalala mwachinsinsi?

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Mitengo ya tchipisi imadulidwa, ndipo tchipisi amachedwa kugulitsa.Mawu ooneka ngati opanda pake akhala akufuula ndi anthu osawerengeka kuyambira theka loyamba la chaka chino.Mu theka loyamba la 2022, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa msika wamagetsi ogula zinthu, makampani opanga ma chip adabweretsa kutsika kwamitengo.Mu theka lachiwiri la chaka, chiwembucho chinabwereza.

Posachedwapa, nkhani za CCTV zinanena kuti monga chigawo chachikulu cha makina oyendetsera magetsi, chipangizo cha STMicroelectronics chinali chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa kwambiri mu 2021. Zinagwera pafupifupi 600 yuan, dontho la 80%.

Mwachidziwitso, mtengo wa chip china chaka chatha unali wosiyana kakhumi ndi chaka chino.Mtengo wa tchipisi ndi wofanana ndi wa nkhumba, kukwera ndi kutsika.Kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri ndi mtengo wamba wam'mbuyo ndikokokomeza kwambiri.Akuti atolankhani adanenanso kuti chipangizo cha STMicroelectronics cha 600 yuan chidzangokhala ndi mtengo wabwinobwino wa makumi a yuan mu 2020.

Chiwombankhanga chikuwoneka kuti chadutsa.Kodi mtambo umene unaphimba teknoloji yonse chaka chatha watsala pang'ono kutha?Malinga ndi Bloomberg, makampani ambiri a chip pakali pano akukhulupirira kuti padzakhala kusintha kwakukulu pamsika wotenthawu kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo ena amakhulupirira mosasamala kuti makampani opanga ma semiconductor abweretsa kuchepa koipitsitsa m'zaka khumi.

Ochepa ali okondwa, ochepa ali achisoni, ndipo mtengo wa chips ukukwera kwambiri.Kuwonjezera pa kukhala chete kwa mafakitale, ndikuwopa kuti pali misika yambiri mu carnival.

Chip pansi, koma osati pansi kwathunthu?

Kukwera kwa mitengo ya chip sikungasiyanitsidwe ndi kutsika kwa zinthu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku lipoti laposachedwa lazachuma la TSMC kuti bizinesi ya foni yam'manja, yomwe idathandizira theka la dzikolo, siyikhalanso gwero lalikulu la ndalama, ndipo gawo la bizinesiyi likuyembekezeka kupitilizabe kuchepa.Kutumiza kwa mafoni ndi ma PC sikunakhaleko bwino ngati Januware kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa chaka chino.Malinga ndi CINNO Research data, mu theka loyamba la 2022, mafoni aku China otumiza ma SoC terminal anali pafupifupi 134 miliyoni, kutsika pafupifupi 16.9% pachaka.

Ponena za mbali ya PC, malinga ndi kampani yofufuza zamsika ya Mercury Research, m'gawo lachiwiri la chaka chino, kutumiza kwa makompyuta apakompyuta kunatsika kwambiri m'zaka pafupifupi 30, ndipo katundu wa processor wathunthu adatsika kwambiri chaka ndi chaka kuyambira. 1984. South Korea Kugulitsa kwa mafoni a m'manja kunagwa 29.2% chaka ndi chaka mu July, pamene kutumiza kunja kwa makompyuta ndi zipangizo zothandizira kunagwa 21.9%, ndipo kutumizidwa kwa tchipisi ta kukumbukira kunachititsa kuchepa kwa 13.5%.

Kufuna kwamtunda kumachepa, kutsika kwamtsinje kumapitilirabe kutsitsa maoda, ndipo mtengo umazizira bwino图片2Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti tchipisi izi ndi mitengo yochepetsedwa ilibe mphamvu iliyonse yokhudzana ndi makampani onse a Semicontic.Kodi mtengo watsikadi?Pansi pa nkhani ya "kutsika", palinso opanga omwe akutsutsa zomwe zikuchitika ndikulengeza kuwonjezeka kwamitengo.Mwachitsanzo, Intel, Qualcomm, Meiman Electronics, Broadcom, etc. akukonzekera kukweza mitengo yazinthu zawo za chip.

Kutengera chitsanzo cha Intel, malinga ndi Nikkei, Intel adauza makasitomala kuti mtengo wa zinthu zopangira semiconductor udzawonjezeka mu theka lachiwiri la 2022. Zikuyembekezeka kuonjezera mtengo wazinthu zambiri monga ma seva oyambira ndi mapurosesa apakompyuta a CPU. ndi zotumphukira chips.Kutengera mtundu, otsika kwambiri ali mu manambala amodzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwakukulu kumatha kufika 10% mpaka 20%.

Kodi chip chikukwera kapena ayi?Titha kunena kuti mtengo wa zida zamagetsi zamagetsi watsika mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kufunikira, koma kufunikira kwa ma MCU m'magawo ena ogwiritsira ntchito, monga magalimoto ndi kuwongolera mafakitale, kwadzetsa mitengo yokwera ya tchipisi chogwirizana.Kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe kutumiza kwachilendo kwa mafoni am'manja, tsogolo lamakampani a chip ladziwika kuti likugulitsa pang'onopang'ono, koma kwenikweni,kusowa kwa chips m'mafakitale ena sikunathe.

Makamaka tchipisi zamagalimoto, zomwe zachokera ku 2022 China Nansha International Integrated Circuit Industry Forum zikuwonetsa kuti zida zaposachedwa za chip zitha kungokwaniritsa 31% ya zosowa zamagalimoto pafupifupi.Zomwe zaperekedwa m'mweziwu ndikuti GAC idakumana ndi kusowa kwa tchipisi 33,000 mgawo lachiwiri.

Makampani opanga mphamvu zatsopano akuyenda bwino, ndipo kufunikira kwa tchipisi mtsogolo sikuyenera kunyalanyazidwa.Akuti galimoto yapakati imafunika kugwiritsa ntchito tchipisi 500, ndipo magalimoto onyamula mphamvu zatsopano amanyamula tchipisi zambiri.Chaka chatha, kugulitsa magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi kunali pafupifupi 81.05 miliyoni, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti gulu lonse la magalimoto amafunikira tchipisi mabiliyoni 40,5.

Kuonjezera apo, tchipisi tapamwamba tidakali pamwamba pa guwa la msika.Kumbali imodzi, kufunikira kwa tchipisi chokhala ndi ukadaulo wotsogola pamakina akumtunda kwamakampani sikunathe.M'mbuyomu zidanenedwa kuti tchipisi ta 3nm za TSMC zidzapangidwa mochuluka mu Seputembala, ndipo Apple ikhala kasitomala woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito tchipisi ta TSMC's 3nm.

Zanenedwa kuti chaka chamawa, kuphatikiza purosesa yatsopano ya A17 ndi ma processor a M3, Apple idzagwiritsa ntchito TSMC's 3nm.Kumbali inayi, pali kuchepa kwa zida za semiconductor zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo zotulutsa za 3nm ndi 2nm zapamwamba zimayenera kukhala zotsika, ndipo pangakhale kusiyana kwa 10% mpaka 20% mu 2024-2025.

Zotsatira zake, mtengowo umakhala wocheperako.Zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zimatiuza kuti tchipisi chikugwa chimodzi ndi chimodzi, ndipo makampaniwa sakhala ophweka monga momwe amawonekera.

Tchipisi za ogula zasiya kukondedwa?

Mbali imodzi inafa, ndipo mbali inayo inali yolemera.

Consumer electronics chips adutsa nthawi yabwino kwambiri pazaka ziwiri zapitazi.Ndi kuchepa kwa mlingo wa kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi, iwo potsiriza atsika pa guwa.Pakalipano, makampani ambiri a chip ali otanganidwa kusintha malonda awo, kuchoka kwa ogula kupita ku minda yamagalimoto ndi zomangamanga.TSMC yalemba msika wamagalimoto ngati ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi.Akuti kumbali yakumtunda, bizinesi yamagalimoto ya osewera am'nyumba a MCU monga Zhaoyi Innovation, Zhongying Electronics, ndi China Micro Semiconductor ikuwonekeranso.

Mwachindunji, Zhaoyi zoyamba za MCU zapagalimoto za Zhaoyi zidalowa muyeso wamakasitomala m'mwezi wa Marichi, ndipo akuyembekezeka kukwaniritsa kupanga kwakukulu chaka chino;Zhongying Electronics imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pagawo lowongolera thupi la MCU, ndipo ikuyembekezeka kujambulidwa mkati mwa chaka.Kubwerera;China Microelectronics idawonetsa kutsimikiza mtima kwake kupanga tchipisi tambiri zamagalimoto pamawonekedwe ake.IPO yake ikukonzekera kukweza ma yuan 729 miliyoni, pomwe ma yuan 283 miliyoni adzagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndi chitukuko cha magalimoto apamwamba.

Zimenezi n’zomveka.Kupatula apo, kuchuluka kwa kumasulira kwa zida zamagalimoto zam'nyumba ndi zowongolera ndi zosakwana 1%, kuchuluka kwa masensa kumachepera 4%, komanso kuchuluka kwa ma semiconductors amphamvu, kukumbukira, ndi kulumikizana ndi 8%, 8%, ndi 3%, motero.Kupanga magalimoto amagetsi atsopano akuchulukirachulukira, ndipo chilengedwe chonse chanzeru, kuphatikiza kuyendetsa pawokha, chidzadyanso ma semiconductors ambiri pambuyo pake.

Ndipo zidzakhala zovuta bwanji kupitiliza kumamatira tchipisi ta ogula?

M'mbuyomu, zidanenedwa kuti Samsung idayimitsa kwakanthawi kugula magawo onse abizinesi kuphatikiza mapanelo, mafoni am'manja ndi tchipisi tokumbukira, ndipo ngakhale opanga kukumbukira ambiri aku Korea adzachitapo kanthu kuti achepetse mitengo ndi 5% posinthanitsa ndi malonda.Nuvoton Technology, yomwe imayang'ana pa zamagetsi ogula, idawonanso kuwonjezeka kwa phindu la maulendo oposa 5.5 chaka chatha, ndi phindu la NT $ 7.27 pagawo.Mu Epulo ndi Meyi chaka chino, ntchitoyo idakhala yosasunthika, ndipo ndalama zidatsika ndi 2.18% ndi 3.04% motsatana.

Wina sangafotokoze zambiri, koma chidziwitso cha Wind chikuwonetsa kuti kuyambira pa Meyi 9, makampani a semiconductor 126 padziko lonse lapansi adalengeza malipoti awo azachuma kotala loyamba la 2022, pomwe 16 adakumana ndi kutsika kwapachaka kwa phindu lililonse kapena ngakhale kutayika.Tchipisi za ogula zikusiya kukondedwa, ndipo magalimoto ndi kayendetsedwe ka mafakitale zakhala malo ofunafuna phindu pamsika wa chip.

Koma kodi zinthu n'zosavuta monga momwe zimaonekera?

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Makamaka kwa opanga zida zapakhomo, kusuntha kuchokera kumunda wamagetsi ogula kupita kumunda wamagalimoto ndikoposa zomwe kutentha kwa msika kungasankhe.Choyamba, tchipisi tapakhomo tikuyenera kukhala kunsi kwa mtsinje, ndipo gawo lodyera limakhala loyamba, lowerengera 27%.Ngakhale mutayang'ana padziko lapansi, msika wapakhomo ndi msika waukulu kwambiri wa semiconductor.Zambiri zikuwonetsa kuti mu 2021, malonda a semiconductor pamsika waku China adzafika $ 29.62 biliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi 58%.Ndiwo msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa semiconductor, womwe umawerengera 28.9% yazogulitsa zonse padziko lonse lapansi za semiconductor..

Kachiwiri, msika wa chip uli ndi malire opindulitsa pama foni am'manja ndi 5G.Kutengera TSMC mwachitsanzo,

Kutumiza kwa TSMC kumakhala 70% yamsika wamagalimoto a MCU, koma muzaka za 2020, zopereka za tchipisi zamagalimoto zimangokhala 3.31%.Pofika Q1 2022, mafoni a TSMC ndi ma kompyuta ochita bwino kwambiri azitenga 40% ndi 41% ya ndalama zonse, pomwe IoT, magalimoto, DCE, ndi ena azingowerengera 8%, 5%, 3%, ndi 3. %, motero.

Pakufunika zochepa, koma phindu likadalipo, ndipo ndizovuta.Ichi mwina ndiye chinthu chovuta kwambiri pamsika wa semiconductor.

Pambuyo pakukula, ogula carnival?

Mtengo wa tchipisi ukasinthasintha, ogula amakhala osangalala kwambiri.Mafoni am'manja, magalimoto ngakhale zida zapanyumba zanzeru zakhala malo omwe anthu amayembekezeredwa nthawi zambiri mitengo yama chip yatsika makamaka mafoni am'manja.Posakhalitsa chiwonongeko cha mtengo wa chip, anthu ena adafuula pamapulatifomu kuti agule mafoni a m'manja kuti apange ndalama mu theka lachiwiri la chaka chino.

Zitangochitika izi, mtengo wa mphamvu zatsopano, mtengo wa zinthu zamagetsi, mtengo wa zipangizo zapakhomo ... ndi zina zotero zinadza.Komabe, palibe chizolowezi chodziwikiratu ngati padzakhala kuchepetsedwa kwamitengo kofananira mumndandanda wazogulitsa, koma kunena mosabisa, kutsika kwamitengo kwa chip uku sikungabweretse kutsika kwamitengo pamsika wa ogula.

Tiyeni tiyang'ane kaye gawo lalikulu la mafoni am'manja.M'zaka zaposachedwa, opanga mafoni am'manja akhala akukweza mitengo mosalekeza.Otsika-otsika amakhala chete, otsika kwambiri akugwedezeka, ndipo kuthekera kwa kuchepetsa mtengo kwa kanthawi kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, phindu lalikulu la opanga mafoni am'manja silinakhale lalitali.M'mbuyomu, ku Huawei Developer Conference, Yang Haisong, wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa dipatimenti yogula malonda a Huawei, adanena kuti phindu la opanga mafoni a ku China ndi losauka, ndipo gawo la msika wa mafoni am'nyumba ndiloposa theka, koma pafupifupi 10 peresenti.phindu.

Kuphatikiza apo, tchipisi tagwadi, koma mitengo yazigawo zina si yaulemu, monga masensa ndi zowonera.Zitsanzo zapamwamba zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo opanga mafoni a m'manja mwachibadwa amakhala ndi zofunikira zolimba kwambiri pamagulu ogulitsa.Zimanenedwa kuti OPPO, Xiaomi Idasinthiratu masensa apadera a Sony ndi Samsung.

Chotsatira chake, mtengo wa mafoni a m'manja sakukwera, zomwe ndi dalitso kwa ogula.

Kuyang'ana mphamvu zatsopano, tchipisi tambiri zomwe zachepetsa mitengo nthawi ino sizili pantchito yopanga magalimoto.Kuwonjezera apo, mu theka loyamba la chaka, kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wa magalimoto opangira magetsi atsopano sikunakhale kosalala, ndipo kwakwera mobwerezabwereza.Zifukwa zomwe zimachokera sizomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi tchipisi.tsoka.Mitengo ya zinthu zambiri ikukwera, ndipo mitengo ya faifi tambala, zitsulo, ndi aluminiyamu, kuphatikizapo ma elekitirodi abwino ndi oipa, imangokwera ndi kutsika, ndipo mtengo wa mabatire umakhalabe wokwera.Mwachiwonekere, izi sizinganenedwe pa tchipisi tokha.

Inde, sikutheka kuwona chip chikuyambiranso mu bwalo lopanga magalimoto.Kuyambira chaka chino, mitengo ya tchipisi totulutsa kuwala kwa LED ndi tchipisi ta oyendetsa yatsika ndi 30% -40%, zomwe mosakayikira zidzatenga gawo lina pakuchepetsa mitengo yagalimoto ya eni magalimoto..

Kuphatikiza pa mafoni a m'manja, tchipisi ta ogula timakhudza kwambiri zida zapanyumba zanzeru monga ma air conditioners ndi mafiriji.Kufunika kwa ma MCU pazinthu zitatu zazikulu zoyera ku China sikutsika, kukukwera kuchokera pa 570 miliyoni mu 2017 kufika kupitilira 700 miliyoni mu 2022, pomwe MCU yowongolera mpweya yopepuka imakhala yopitilira 60%.

Komabe, tchipisi tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wanyumba wanzeru kwenikweni ndi tchipisi tating'ono tokhala ndi njira zopangira m'mbuyo, zomwe zimatsutsana kwambiri ndi njira zopangira zapamwamba monga 3nm ndi 7nm, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zapamwamba kuposa 28nm kapena 45nm.Mukudziwa, tchipisi tating'ono ting'ono ting'onoting'ono chifukwa chaukadaulo wochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.

Kwa makampani opanga zida zapanyumba, ukadaulo wocheperako umatanthauza kuti amatha kudzikwaniritsa.Mu 2017, dipatimenti ya microelectronics ya Gree inakhazikitsidwa;mu 2018, Konka adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kovomerezeka kwa gawo laukadaulo la semiconductor;mu 2018, Midea adalengeza kulowa kwake mukupanga tchipisi ndikukhazikitsa Meiren Semiconductor Company.Mu Januware 2021, Meiken Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd.Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwapachaka kwa tchipisi ta MCU kuli pafupifupi 10 miliyoni.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, makampani ambiri azida zam'nyumba, kuphatikiza TCL, Konka, Skyworth, ndi Haier, atumizidwa kale m'munda wa semiconductor.Mwanjira ina, gawo ili silimaletsedwa ndi tchipisi konse.

Pansi, kapena ayi?Kudula kwamtengo wa chip uku kuli ngati kuwombera kwabodza, ndipo opanga kumtunda sakukondwera pakadali pano, osasiya ogula.


Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-23-2022

Siyani Uthenga Wanu