Kodi kuchepa kwa semiconductor kumakukhudzani bwanji?

Potengera mliriwu, kusowa ndi zovuta zapaintaneti zatsekereza pafupifupi mafakitale onse, kuyambira kupanga mpaka zoyendera.Chinthu chimodzi chachikulu chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi ma semiconductors, omwe mumagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lonse, ngakhale simukuzindikira.Ngakhale ndizosavuta kunyalanyaza zovuta zamakampaniwa, kuchepa kwa semiconductor kumakukhudzani m'njira zambiri kuposa momwe mungayembekezere.

Kodi semiconductor ndi chiyani, ndipo amapangidwa bwanji?

Ma semiconductors, omwe amadziwikanso kuti tchipisi kapena ma microchips, ndi tizidutswa tating'ono tamagetsi tomwe timakhala ndi mabiliyoni a transistors mkati mwake.Ma transistors amalola kapena kuletsa ma electron kuti adutse mwa iwo.Tchipisizo zimapezeka muzinthu masauzande ambiri monga mafoni, zotsukira mbale, zida zamankhwala, zoyenda mumlengalenga, ndi magalimoto.Amagwira ntchito ngati "ubongo" wamagetsi athu pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu, kuwongolera deta, ndi kulamulira ntchito.
Kuti apange, chip chimodzi chimatha kupitirira miyezi itatu chikupangidwa, chimaphatikizapo masitepe opitirira chikwi chimodzi, ndipo chimafuna mafakitale akuluakulu, zipinda zopanda fumbi, makina a madola miliyoni, malata osungunuka, ndi ma laser.Njira imeneyi ndi yotopetsa komanso yokwera mtengo.Mwachitsanzo, kuti muike silicon m’makina opangira tchipisi, pamafunika chipinda choyeretsera—choyera kwambiri moti fumbi laling’ono likhoza kuwononga ndalama zambirimbiri.Zomera za chip zimayenda 24/7, ndipo zimawononga pafupifupi $ 15 biliyoni kuti amange fakitale yolowera chifukwa cha zida zapadera zomwe zimafunikira.Pofuna kupewa kutaya ndalama, opanga ma chip ayenera kupanga phindu la $3 biliyoni kuchokera ku chomera chilichonse.

Chipinda choyera cha Semiconductor chokhala ndi zoteteza za LED amber kuwala.Ngongole ya Zithunzi: REUTERS

Chifukwa chiyani pali kuchepa?

Zinthu zambiri m'chaka chathachi ndi theka zaphatikizana zomwe zidayambitsa kuchepa uku.Njira yovuta komanso yokwera mtengo yopangira tchipisi ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kusowa.Zotsatira zake, kulibe mafakitale ambiri opangira tchipisi padziko lapansi, kotero vuto mufakitale imodzi limapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto pamakampani onse.
Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu cha kuchepaku chikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID-19.Choyamba, mafakitale ambiri adatseka kumayambiriro kwa mliri, kutanthauza kuti zinthu zofunika pakupanga chip sizinapezeke kwa miyezi ingapo.Mafakitale angapo okhudzidwa ndi tchipisi monga kutumiza, kupanga, ndi mayendedwe adakumananso ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito.Kuphatikiza apo, ogula ambiri amafuna zamagetsi potengera njira zokhala kunyumba komanso ntchito zapakhomo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tchipisi tiwunjikane.
Kuphatikiza apo, COVID idapangitsa madoko aku Asia kutseka kwa miyezi ingapo.Popeza 90% yamagetsi apadziko lonse lapansi amadutsa ku doko la Yantian ku China, kutsekedwa kumeneku kunadzetsa vuto lalikulu pakutumiza zamagetsi ndi magawo omwe amafunikira kupanga chip.

Zotsatira za Moto wa Renesas.Ngongole ya Zithunzi: BBC
Ngati zovuta zonse zokhudzana ndi COVID sizinali zokwanira, zovuta zosiyanasiyana zanyengo zalepheretsanso kupanga.Chomera cha ku Japan cha Renesas, chomwe chimapanga pafupifupi ⅓ tchipisi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto, chidawonongeka kwambiri ndi moto mu Marichi 2021 ndipo ntchito sizinabwerere mwakale mpaka Julayi.Mphepo yamkuntho yachisanu ku Texas kumapeto kwa 2020 idakakamiza ena mwazomera zocheperako zaku America kale kuti ayimitse kupanga.Pomaliza, chilala choopsa ku Taiwan koyambirira kwa chaka cha 2021, dziko lotsogola kwambiri pakupanga tchipisi, lidapangitsa kuti kupanga kuchepe chifukwa kupanga tchipisi kumafuna madzi ambiri.

Kodi kuchepaku kumakukhudzani bwanji?

Kuchuluka kwazinthu zogula zomwe zimakhala ndi tchipisi ta semiconductor zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lililonse zimapangitsa kuti kupereweraku kuwonekere.Mitengo ikwera ndipo zinthu zina zidzachedwa.Pali kuyerekezera kuti Opanga a US apanga osachepera 1.5 mpaka 5 miliyoni magalimoto ochepera chaka chino.Mwachitsanzo, Nissan adalengeza kuti ipanga magalimoto ochepera 500,000 chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chip.General Motors adatseka kwakanthawi mbewu zake zonse zitatu zaku North America koyambirira kwa 2021, kuyimitsa magalimoto masauzande ambiri omwe amalizidwa kupatula tchipisi tofunikira.

General Motors adatseka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa semiconductor
Ngongole ya Zithunzi: GM
Makampani ogula zamagetsi adasunga tchipisi kumayambiriro kwa mliriwu chifukwa chosamala.Komabe, mu Julayi CEO wa Apple Tim Cook adalengeza kuti kusowa kwa chip mwina kuchedwetsa kupanga iPhone ndipo kwakhudza kale kugulitsa kwa iPads ndi Mac.Sony adavomerezanso kuti sangathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira za PS5 yatsopano.
Zida zapakhomo monga ma microwave, zotsukira mbale, ndi makina ochapira zakhala zovuta kugula kale.Makampani ambiri opangira zida zapakhomo monga Electrolux sangathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira zazinthu zawo zonse.Zida zanzeru zapanyumba ngati mabelu apazitseko avidiyo zili pachiwopsezo chimodzimodzi.
Popeza kuti nthawi ya tchuthi yatsala pang'ono kutha, tiyenera kusamala kuti tisamayembekezere kuti pali mitundu ingapo ya zinthu zamagetsi zomwe takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri, machenjezo akuti "zinatha" achulukirachulukira.Pali chikhumbo chokonzekera pasadakhale osayembekezera kuyitanitsa ndi kulandira zinthu nthawi yomweyo.

Tsogolo la kuchepaku ndi lotani?

Pamapeto pa ngalandeyo pali kuwala komwe kumakhala ndi kuchepa kwa semiconductor.Choyamba, kutsekedwa kwa COVID-19 kwa mafakitale ndi kuchepa kwa antchito kwayamba kuchepa.Makampani akulu ngati TSMC ndi Samsung adalonjezanso mabiliyoni a madola palimodzi kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zogulira komanso zolimbikitsa kwa opanga ma chip.
Kuzindikira kwakukulu chifukwa cha kuchepa kumeneku ndikuti payenera kukhala kuchepa kwa kudalira Taiwan ndi South Korea.Pakadali pano, America imangopanga pafupifupi 10% ya tchipisi chomwe imagwiritsa ntchito, ndikuwonjezera mtengo wotumizira komanso nthawi ndi tchipisi takunja.Kuti athane ndi vutoli, a Joe Biden adalonjeza kuthandizira gawo la semiconductor ndi ndalama zaukadaulo zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mu June zomwe zimapereka $ 52 biliyoni pakupanga chip cha US.Intel ikuwononga $20 biliyoni pamafakitole awiri atsopano ku Arizona.Wopanga zankhondo ndi Space semiconductor CAES ikuyembekeza kukulitsa antchito ake mchaka chamawa, ndikugogomezeranso kutenga tchipisi kuchokera ku zomera zaku US.
Kupereŵeraku kudadabwitsa makampaniwo komanso kudawachenjeza za mtsogolo ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zimafunikira ma semiconductors ambiri monga nyumba zanzeru ndi magalimoto amagetsi.Mwachiyembekezo imvera chenjezo lamtundu wamakampani opanga ma chip, kuletsa zovuta zamtsogolo zamtunduwu.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za kupanga ma semiconductors, tsatirani "Mawa a World Today's "Semiconductors in Space" pa SCIGo ndi Discovery GO.
Onani Zapadziko Lonse Zopanga, ndikupeza sayansi yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa ma roller coasters, zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza zobwezeretsanso zamagetsi, ndikuwona tsogolo la migodi.